[246][368]He believed Indian masses would only be free from European domination, both politically and economically, by spinning, weaving and wearing homespun cloth, khadi. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. In December 1924, he presided the Congress Session at Belgaum, for the first and only time. [159] Over 2.5 million Indians ignored Gandhi, volunteered and joined on the British side. Bewildered with the discriminations faced by the Indians in South Africa, in May 1894, he proposed an organization to watch the interest of Indians, and on 22 August 1894, it finally resulted in the foundation of Natal Indian Congress to fight colour prejudice. Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948 in the compound of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), a large mansion in New Delhi.His assassin was Nathuram Godse, an advocate of Hindu nationalism, a member of the political party the Hindu Mahasabha, and a member of the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Gandhi refused to endorse the view that economic forces are best understood as "antagonistic class interests". The Hindu leader, Tej Bahadur Sapru, declared in 1941, states Herman, "A good many Congress leaders are fed up with the barren program of the Mahatma". Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country. [345] Gandhi believed that individuals should freely intermarry whomever they wish, but that no one should expect everyone to be his friend: every individual, regardless of background, has a right to choose whom he will welcome into his home, whom he will befriend, and whom he will spend time with. [442][443] The opera's libretto, taken from the Bhagavad Gita, is sung in the original Sanskrit. British political leaders such as Lord Birkenhead and Winston Churchill announced opposition to "the appeasers of Gandhi", in their discussions with European diplomats who sympathised with Indian demands. In 1996, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced “The Gandhi Series” of banknotes 10 and 500 rupees. While in High School, he met a Muslim friend named Sheikh Mehtab. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi). According to Gandhi, he felt that since he was demanding his rights as a British citizen, it was also his duty to serve the British forces in the defence of the British Empire. October 2, 1869. The British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. [159], Gandhi dedicated his life to discovering and pursuing truth, or Satya, and called his movement satyagraha, which means "appeal to, insistence on, or reliance on the Truth". Gandhi was nominated five times for the Nobel Peace Prize; from 1937 to 1948, but he never received it, and when it was decided to award him on the fifth occasion, he had been assassinated before that. [190][191] They were tried in court at Delhi's Red Fort. [306][307], Gandhi discussed the persecution of the Jews in Germany and the emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine through his lens of Satyagraha. During his years at school, Gandhi was considered an average student. "[260] Civil disobedience and non-co-operation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the "law of suffering",[261] a doctrine that the endurance of suffering is a means to an end. [88] There he nurtured his policy of peaceful resistance. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. [429] When the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi". Congress publicised the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white people there [British India] are exposed". [83], While in South Africa, Gandhi focused on racial persecution of Indians but ignored those of Africans. It did not lead to inner transformation or moral advance or to the Christian teaching of "love", but was based on false one-sided criticisms of other religions, when Christian societies faced similar problems in South Africa and Europe. [100] Using non-co-operation as a technique, Gandhi initiated a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of revenue even under the threat of confiscation of land. [374] Gandhi opposed missionary organisations who criticised Indian religions then attempted to convert followers of Indian religions to Islam or Christianity. [55], He demonstrated a keen interest in the welfare of London’s impoverished dockland communities. He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. He justified this support by invoking Islam, stating that "non-Muslims cannot acquire sovereign jurisdiction" in Jazirat al-Arab (the Arabian Peninsula). Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/;[2] 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer,[3] anti-colonial nationalist,[4] and political ethicist,[5] who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule,[6] and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. On 10 August 1888, on the advice of Mavji Dave Joshiji (a Brahmin priest and family friend), Mohandas left Porbandar for Bombay with an aim to pursue Law Studies in London. [85], In 1906, when the British declared war against the Zulu Kingdom in Natal, Gandhi at age 36, sympathised with the Zulus and encouraged the Indian volunteers to help as an ambulance unit. Born Place [338] Gandhi's public experiments, as they progressed, were widely discussed and criticised by his family members and leading politicians. Previously, Karamchand was posted as a clerk in the state administration. [151] The resulting public outcry forced the government, in consultations with Ambedkar, to replace the Communal Award with a compromise Poona Pact. Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood. Gandhi led Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as India's Independence Day in Lahore. Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India—died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a Hindu thinker, lawyer, and politician, born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India. This, he believed, created a vicious vested system of materialism at the cost of other human needs, such as spirituality and social relationships. Ambedkar described him as "devious and untrustworthy". [380], Gandhi challenged Nehru and the modernisers in the late 1930s who called for rapid industrialisation on the Soviet model; Gandhi denounced that as dehumanising and contrary to the needs of the villages where the great majority of the people lived. According to Claude Markovits, a French historian noted for his studies of colonial India, Godse stated that he killed Gandhi because of his complacence towards Muslims, holding Gandhi responsible for the frenzy of violence and sufferings during the subcontinent's partition into Pakistan and India. In December 1929, Gandhiji’s resolution on “Complete Independence” was adopted at the open session of Lahore Congress. He avoided modern medication and experimented extensively with water and earth healing. This view was also held by two South African professors Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed who claimed that Gandhi labeled black Africans as “savage,” “raw,” and "indolent." [164], In 1942, Gandhi now nearing age 73, urged his people to completely stop co-operating with the imperial government. [209][210] At age 57 he declared himself to be Advaitist Hindu in his religious persuasion, but added that he supported Dvaitist viewpoints and religious pluralism. [128] After his support for the World War I with Indian combat troops, and the failure of Khilafat movement in preserving the rule of Caliph in Turkey, followed by a collapse in Muslim support for his leadership, some such as Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh questioned his values and non-violent approach. [268], Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of nonviolence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale. His approach, too, to untouchability differed from Ambedkar's, championing fusion, choice, and free intermixing, while Ambedkar envisioned each segment of society maintaining its group identity, and each group then separately advancing the "politics of equality". He asked Joseph Chamberlain, the British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill. Grandson Rajmohan Gandhi is a professor in Illinois and an author of Gandhi's biography titled Mohandas,[458] while another, Tarun Gandhi, has authored several authoritative books on his grandfather. Some of them became life-long companions." [78][79] Gandhi urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. Although Indians widely describe him as “The Father of the Nation,” the Government of India hasn’t accorded the title officially. In 1885, his father died, at that time, Mahatma Gandhi was 16-years-old. These include. Women, to Gandhi, should be educated to be better in the domestic realm and educate the next generation. He promoted Khadi to emphasize the dignity of labor, a life based on non-violence and the value of self-reliance. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869, into a Hindu Modh family in Porbanadar, Gujarat, India. He started practising Law in Bombay. Gandhi's father Karamchand was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family. [345] Before 1932, he and his associates used the word antyaja for untouchables. [242] Both the Dutch settlers called Boers and the imperial British at that time discriminated against the coloured races they considered as inferior, and Gandhi later wrote about his conflicted beliefs during the Boer war. He entered politics by forming the Natal Indian Congress. But foreign cloth meant civilisation to some Indian elites. In May 1894, the Abdullah Case that had brought him to South Africa was concluded. "[97], Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. It was Gopal Krishna Gokhale who introduced him to Indian issues, politics, and the Indian people. Brown, Judith M., and Anthony Parel, eds. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian. [111][112] His support for the Khilafat movement also helped him sideline Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who had announced his opposition to the satyagraha non-co-operation movement approach of Gandhi. "[406] Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. The government suppressed the RSS, the Muslim National Guards, and the Khaksars, with some 200,000 arrests. Sikhism, to Gandhi, was an integral part of Hinduism, in the form of another reform movement. Godse was found guilty and executed in 1949. The 2006 Bollywood comedy film Lage Raho Munna Bhai is based on Gandhian principles. [227], Gandhi credited Shrimad Rajchandra, a poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. Gandhi joined them in their prayers and debated Christian theology with them, but refused conversion stating he did not accept the theology therein or that Christ was the only son of God. This was highlighted by the Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where, together with 78 volunteers, he marched 388 kilometres (241 mi) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself, with the declared intention of breaking the salt laws. [287], While Gandhi expressed mostly positive views of Islam, he did occasionally criticise Muslims. [104][108][109][110], The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. His experiments with food began in the 1890s and continued for several decades. Some writers present him as a paragon of ethical living and pacifism, while others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances. [120], In February 1919, Gandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India with a cable communication that if the British were to pass the Rowlatt Act, he would appeal to Indians to start civil disobedience. [385] Gandhi's economic thinking disagreed with Marx, according to the political theory scholar and economist Bhikhu Parekh. 1892), Ramdas (1897), and Devdas (1900). Gandhi defied the order. [301], Some colonial era Christian preachers and faithfuls considered Gandhi as a saint. "[246] In 1922, Gandhi wrote that abstinence from violence is effective and true forgiveness only when one has the power to punish, not when one decides not to do anything because one is helpless. 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